Basics of systematics, anatomy, morphology, ecology of the principal marine animal resources. Marine organisms in commercial fishing (alieutic resources): benthic, demersal, and pelagic commercial species. Spatio-temporal distribution of resources (life cycles, migrations). Typologies of exploitment of alieutic resources, with particular reference to Italy and Mediterranean Sea. Techniques and technological characteristics of fishing tools used in the Mediterranean and Atlantic Ocean. Features of biological resources, catch, biological sampling, analysis and data treatment. The concept of stock, increasing and decreasing factors (growth, recruitment, natural and fishing mortality, etc.). The impact of fishing tools on resources: concept of tool selectivity. The landscape of national and European marine fisheries. New generation approaches: the responsible and sustainable fishery. Study cases.